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5. Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation

A Research Portal for UA Libraries Special Collections

By the Reference Services and Outreach Coordinator

Introduction

While we think of the question of slavery coming to a head with the Civil War, in reality it was already being contested as the United States became its own sovereign nation. The international slave trade was abolished through the Slave Trade Acts of 1794 and 1800 and the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves (1807), although the domestic trade was still legal, and there were no prohibitions against owning slaves.

During the decades leading up to the war, abolitionists encouraged manumission (voluntary freeing of slaves) and agitated for outright emancipation, preferably immediate, sometimes with the idea of repatriating blacks to Africa. In the meantime, the issue of slavery shaped the growth of the nation, with legislation like the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) attempting to keep a balance between “slave states” and “free states” as new territories entered the union. As the balance tipped toward “free states,” the “slave states” gained ground with the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) and the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision (1857).

During the Civil War, enslaved people in the South were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 abolished slavery for the whole country. From 1865-1872, the Freedman’s Bureau aided formerly enslaved people in the South in becoming self-sustaining members of society; it was part of the much larger program of federal Reconstruction (1863-1877). By the end of the Reconstruction period, most Southern states had begun to enact Jim Crow laws, which made it very difficult for African Americans to truly achieve equality.

The guide does not seek to provide in-depth history or commentary on such a complex topic. In addition to the brief account above, these short descriptive essays, from databases accessible via UA Libraries, may be helpful in providing a more detailed big picture view:

• Burton, Orville Vernon. “Introduction I, An Interpretative and Historiographical Essay.” Slavery & Anti-Slavery: A Transnational Archive.
• McDonnell, Lawrence T. “Introduction I, Slavery as an Institution.” Slavery & Anti-Slavery: A Transnational Archive.
• Knight, Franklin W. “Slavery.” Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. [Accessed via Gale Virtual Reference Library]
• Wright, Donald R. “Slavery.” Encyclopedia of American Studies.
• “The Debate over Slavery in the United States.” The African-American Years: Chronologies of American History and Experience, ed. Gabriel Burns Stepto. [Accessed via Gale Virtual Reference Library]
• “The Final Century of Slavery in the United States.” The African-American Years: Chronologies of American History and Experience, ed. Gabriel Burns Stepto. [Accessed via Gale Virtual Reference Library]
• “Free African Americans in the United States.” The African-American Years: Chronologies of American History and Experience, ed. Gabriel Burns Stepto. [Accessed via Gale Virtual Reference Library]

Using this Portal

This guide is designed to give an overview of our holdings on the subject of the slavery debate and emancipation, with commentary to put various categories of resources into perspective. It offers a robust list of resources reflecting the history of and discourse surrounding domestic slavery in the United States, as well as advice on how to find more such items and collections.

The guide is divided into three main sections:

• Archival Sources: This section includes artifacts of slavery and unpublished commentary on the institution. Collections are classed either by format or topic. Collections are listed alphabetically; for larger collections, notes indicate what box (necessary for requesting the item in the reading room) and folder contains the pertinent resources. A link to the Finding Aid online is provided, where one exists.
• Public Conversation: This section includes published information on and opinions about the institution of slavery. Items are classed as part of the general discussion (further subdivided into type of argument) or as part of a specific topic within the debate. Items are listed alphabetically in bibliography format. The collection name and call number (necessary for requesting the item in the reading room) have also been included.
• Narratives: This section includes both fictional and nonfiction narratives. Items are classed by period, pre- and post-war, then subdivided by genre. The collection name and call number (necessary for requesting the item in the reading room) have also been included.

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Archival Sources

Public Conversation

Narratives